Smart Card Security Dictionary

Access Management:
The processes and technologies for controlling and monitoring access privileges to resources, consistent with governing policies. Access management includes authentication, authorization, trust, and security auditing.

Active Attack:
An attack which results in an unauthorized state change, such as the manipulation of files, or the adding of unauthorized files.

Administrative Security:
The management constraints and supplemental controls established to provide an acceptable level of protection for data.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES):
also known as Rijndael. A block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the U.S. government.

Automated Information System (AIS):
Any equipment of an interconnected system or subsystems of equipment that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, control, display, transmission, or reception of data and includes software, firmware, and hardware.

Alert:
A formatted message describing a circumstance relevant to network security. Alerts are often derived from critical audit events.

Ankle-Biter:
A person who aspires to be a hacker/cracker but has very limited knowledge or skills. Usually associated with young teens that collect and use simple malicious programs obtained from the Internet.

Anomaly Detection Model:
A model where intrusions are detected by looking for activity that is different from the user�s or system�s normal behavior.

Application Level Gateway (Firewall):
A firewall system in which service is provided by processes that maintain complete TCP connection state and sequencing. Application level firewalls often re-address traffic so that outgoing traffic appears to have originated from the firewall, rather than the internal host.

Application programming interface (API):
A source code interface that a computer system or program library provides in order to support requests for services to be made of it by other computer programs, and/or to allow data to be exchanged.

Assessment:
Surveys and Inspections: an analysis of the vulnerabilities of an AIS. Information acquisition and review process designed to assist a customer to determine how best to use resources to protect information in systems.

Assurance:
A measure of confidence that the security features and architecture of an AIS accurately mediate and enforce the security policy.

Asymmetric Cryptography:
Cryptography that uses two related operations: a public operation defined by public numbers or by a public key and a private operation defined by private numbers or by a private key (the two operations have the property that, given the public operation, it is computationally infeasible to derive the private operation).

Asymmetric Keys:
Two related keys, a public key and a private key, that are used to perform complementary operations, such as encryption and decryption or signature generation and signature verification.

Attack:
An attempt to bypass security controls on a computer. The attack may alter, release, or deny data. Whether an attack will succeed depends on the vulnerability of the computer system and the effectiveness of existing countermeasures.

Audit:
The independent examination of records and activities to ensure compliance with established controls, policy, and operational procedures, and to recommend any indicated changes in controls, policy, or procedures.

Audit Trail:
In computer security systems, a chronological record of system resource usage. This includes user login, file access, other various activities, and whether any actual or attempted security violations occurred, legitimate and unauthorized.

Authenticate:
To establish the validity of a claimed user or object.

Authentication:
To positively verify the identity of a user, device, or other entity in a computer system, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in a system.

Authentication Header (AH):
A field that immediately follows the IP header in an IP datagram and provides authentication and integrity checking for the datagram.

Automated Security Incident Measurement (ASIM):
Monitors network traffic and collects information on targeted unit networks by detecting unauthorized network activity.

Automated Security Monitoring:
All security features needed to provide an acceptable level of protection for hardware, software, and classified, sensitive, unclassified or critical data, material, or processes in the system.

Authorization:
The assignment of a privilege or privileges (e.g., access to a building or network) verifying that a known person or entity has the authority to perform a specific operation. Authorization is provided after authentication. In the payments industry, authorization is the approval from the financial institution that issued the cardholder�s card to accept a transaction for a given amount.

Availability:
Assuring information and communications services will be ready for use when expected.

Biometric:
A measurable, physical characteristic or personal behavioral trait used to recognize the identity, or verify the claimed identity, of an individual. Facial images, fingerprints, and iris scan samples are all examples of biometrics.

Back Door:
A hole in the security of a computer system deliberately left in place by designers or maintainers. Synonymous with trap door; a hidden software or hardware mechanism used to circumvent security controls.

Bell-La Padula Security Model:
Formal-state transition model of computer security policy that describes a formal set of access controls based on information sensitivity and subject authorizations.

Biba Integrity Model:
A formal security model for the integrity of subjects and objects in a system.

Bomb:
A general synonym for crash, normally of software or operating system failures.

Breach:
The successful defeat of security controls which could result in a penetration of the system. A violation of controls of a particular information system such that information assets or system components are unduly exposed.

Breeder Document:
A document used as an original source of identity to apply for (or breed) other forms of identity credentials Buffer Overflow: This happens when more data is put into a buffer or holding area, then the buffer can handle. This is due to a mismatch in processing rates between the producing and consuming processes. This can result in system crashes or the creation of a back door leading to system access.

Bug:
An unwanted and unintended property of a program or piece of hardware, especially one that causes it to malfunction.

C2:
Command and Control.

C2-attack:
Prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading or destroying the adversary C2 system.

C2-protect:
Maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary effort to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy the friendly C2 system. (Pending approval in JP 1-02).

Card issuer:
The organization or entity that issues cards.

Certificate Authority (CA):
A trusted third party that is responsible for issuing and revoking digital certificates within the public key infrastructure.

CGI:
Common Gateway Interface - CGI is the method that Web servers use to allow interaction between servers and programs.

CGI Scripts:
Allows for the creation of dynamic and interactive web pages. They also tend to be the most vulnerable part of a web server.

Check_Password:
A hacking program used for cracking VMS passwords.

Chernobyl Packet:
Also called Kamikaze Packet. A network packet that induces a broadcast storm and network meltdown. Typically an IP Ethernet datagram that passes through a gateway with both source and destination Ethernet and IP address set as the respective broadcast addresses for the sub networks being gated between.

Circuit Level Gateway:
One form of a firewall. Validates TCP and UDP sessions before opening a connection. Creates a handshake, and once that takes place passes everything through until the session is ended.

Clipper Chip:
A tamper-resistant VLSI chip designed by NSA for encrypting voice communications. It conforms to the Escrow Encryption Standard (EES) and implements the Skipjack encryption algorithm.

COAST:
Computer Operations, Audit, and Security Technology - is a multiple project, multiple investigator laboratory in computer security research in the Computer Sciences Department at Purdue University. It functions with close ties to researchers and engineers in major companies and government agencies. Its research is focused on real-world needs and limitations, with a special focus on security for legacy computing systems.

Command and Control Warfare (C2W):
The integrated use of operations security, military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions. Command and control warfare is an application of information operations in military operations and is a subset of information warfare. C2W is both offensive and defensive.

Common Access Card (CAC):
The identification card issued by the Department of Defense to all employees and contractors Compromise: An intrusion into a computer system where unauthorized disclosure, modification or destruction of sensitive information may have occurred.

Computer Abuse:
The willful or negligent unauthorized activity that affects the availability, confidentiality, or integrity of computer resources. Computer abuse includes fraud, embezzlement, theft, malicious damage, unauthorized use, denial of service, and misappropriation.

Computer Fraud:
Computer-related crimes involving deliberate misrepresentation or alteration of data in order to obtain something of value.

Computer Network Attack:
Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks themselves. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

Computer Security:
Technological and managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information managed by the computer system.

Computer Security Incident:

Any intrusion or attempted intrusion into an automated information system (AIS). Incidents can include probes of multiple computer systems.

Computer Security

Intrusion:

Any event of unauthorized access or penetration to an automated information system (AIS).

Confidentiality:
Assuring information will be kept secret, with access limited to appropriate persons.

COPS:
Computer Oracle and Password System - A computer network monitoring system for UNIX machines. Software tool for checking security on shell scripts and C programs. Checks for security weaknesses and provides warnings.

COTS Software:
Commercial Off the Shelf - Software acquired by government contract through a commercial vendor. This software is a standard product, not developed by a vendor for a particular government project.

Countermeasures:
Action, device, procedure, technique, or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of an automated information system. Countermeasures that are aimed at specific threats and vulnerabilities involve more sophisticated techniques as well as activities traditionally perceived as security.

Crack:
A popular hacking tool used to decode encrypted passwords. System administrators also use Crack to assess weak passwords by novice users in order to enhance the security of the AIS.

Cracker:
One who breaks security on an AIS.

Cracking:
The act of breaking into a computer system.

Crash:
A sudden, usually drastic failure of a computer system.

Credential:
Evidence attesting to one�s rights, privileges or evidence of authority, Also, in FIPS 201, the PIV card and data elements associated with an individual that authoritatively binds an identity (and, optionally, additional attributes) to that individual. A smart card can store multiple digital credentials.

Cryptanalysis:
1.) The analysis of a cryptographic system and/or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables and/or sensitive data including cleartext. 2.) Operations performed in converting encrypted messages to plain text without initial knowledge of the crypto-algorithm and/or key employed in the encryption.

Cryptographic Hash Function:
A process that computes a value (referred to as a hashword) from a particular data unit in a manner that, when a hashword is protected, manipulation of the data is detectable.

Cryptography:
The art of science concerning the principles, means, and methods for rendering plain text unintelligible and for converting encrypted messages into intelligible form.

Cryptology:
The science which deals with hidden, disguised, or encrypted communications.

Cyberspace:
Describes the world of connected computers and the society that gathers around them. Commonly known as the Internet.

Dark-side Hacker:

A criminal or malicious hacker.

DARPA:
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Data Driven Attack:
A form of attack that is encoded in innocuous seeming data which is executed by a user or a process to implement an attack. A data driven attack is a concern for firewalls, since it may get through the firewall in data form and launch an attack against a system behind the firewall.

Data Encryption Standard (DES):
1.) An unclassified crypto algorithm adopted by the National Bureau of Standards for public use. 2.) A cryptographic algorithm for the protection of unclassified data, published in Federal 39 Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 46. The DES, which was approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is intended for public and government use.

Defense Information Infrastructure (DII):
The shared or interconnected system of computers, communications, data applications, security, people, training and other support structures serving DoD local, national, and worldwide information needs. DII connects DoD mission support, command and control, and intelligence computers through voice, telecommunications, imagery, video, and multimedia services. It provides information processing and services to the subscribers over the Defense Information Systems Network and includes command and control, tactical, intelligence, and commercial communications systems used to transmit DoD information. (Pending approval in JP 1-02).

Defensive Information Operations:
A process that integrates and coordinates policies and procedures, operations, personnel, and technology to protect information and defend information systems. Defensive information operations are conducted through information assurance, physical security, operations security, counter-deception, counter-psychological operations, counter-intelligence, electronic protect, and special information operations. Defensive information operations ensure timely, accurate, and relevant information access while denying adversaries the opportunity to exploit friendly information and information systems for their own purposes. (Pending approval in JP 1-02).

Demon Dialer:
A program which repeatedly calls the same telephone number. This is benign and legitimate for access to a BBS or malicious when used as a denial of service attack.

Denial of Service:
Action(s) which prevent any part of an AIS from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose.

Derf:
The act of exploiting a terminal which someone else has absent mindedly left logged on.

DES:
See Data Encryption Standard Digital certificate (or public key certificate): Digital documents (e.g., information such as the name of the person or an organization and their address) attesting to the binding of a public key to an individual or other entity. Digital certificates allow verification of the claim that a specific public key does in fact belong to a specific individual.

DNS Spoofing:
Assuming the DNS name of another system by either corrupting the name service cache of a victim system, or by compromising a domain name server for a valid domain.

Dual interface card:
A smart card that has a single smart card chip with two interfaces � a contact and a contactless interface � using shared memory and chip resources.

Electronic Attack (EA):
That division of EW involving the use of electromagnetic, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. EA includes actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy�s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception and employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency, particle beams).

Electronic Protection (EP):
That division of EW involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.

Electronic Warfare (EW):
Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support.

Electronic Warfare Support (ES):
That division of EW involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. Thus, electronic warfare support provides information required for immediate decisions involving EW operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting and homing. ES data can be used to produce signals intelligence. (JP 1-02).

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP):
A mechanism to provide confidentiality and integrity protection to IP datagrams.

Encryption:
The process of translating information into a code that can only be read if the reader has access to the key that was used to encrypt it. There are two main types of encryption � asymmetric (or public key) and symmetric (or secret key).

EEPROM:
Electrically erasable programmable EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory. A type of memory that can only be changed once.

Ethernet Sniffing:
This is listening with software to the Ethernet interface for packets that interest the user. When the software sees a packet that fits certain criteria, it logs it to a file. The most common criteria for an interesting packet is one that contains words like login or password.

Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV):
Specifications developed by Europay, MasterCard and Visa that define a set of requirements to ensure interoperability between payment chip cards and terminals.

False Negative:
Occurs when an actual intrusive action has occurred but the system allows it to pass as nonintrusive behavior.

False Positive:
Occurs when the system classifies an action as anomalous (a possible intrusion) when it is a legitimate action.

Fault Tolerance:
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults.

Federated Identity:
In information technology (IT), federated identity has two general meanings: a. The virtual reunion, or assembled identity, of a person�s user information (or principal), stored across multiple distinct identity management systems. Data is joined together by use of the common token, usually the user name. b.

The process of a user�s authentication across multiple IT systems or even organizations FIPS 140-2 / FIPS 140-3:
Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules. The U.S. government security standard for cryptographic modules.

FIPS 201:
Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 201, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors. FIPS 201 is the standard that defines the identity vetting, enrollment, and issuance requirements for a common government identity credential and the technical specifications for a U.S. government Executive Branch employee and contractor ID card�the PIV card.

Firewall:
A system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between two or more networks. Gateway that limits access between networks in accordance with local security policy. The typical firewall is an inexpensive micro-based Unix box kept clean of critical data, with many modems and public network ports on it, but just one carefully watched connection back to the rest of the cluster.

Fishbowl:
To contain, isolate and monitor an unauthorized user within a system in order to gain information about the user.

Flash Memory:
A type of EEPROM that is erased and programmed in large blocks. Fork

Bomb:
Also known as Logic Bomb - Code that can be written in one line of code on any Unix system; used to recursively spawn copies of itself, �explodes� eventually eating all the process table entries and effectively locks up the system. G - No entries.

Hacker:
A person who enjoys exploring the details of computers and how to stretch their capabilities. A malicious 41 or inquisitive meddler who tries to discover information by poking around. A person who enjoys learning the details of programming systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users who prefer to learn on the minimum necessary.

Hacking:
Unauthorized use, or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.

Hacking Run:
A hack session extended long outside normal working times, especially one longer than 12 hours.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA):
This was passed to protect health insurance coverage for workers and their families and to encourage the development of a health information system by establishing standards and requirements for the secure electronic transmission of certain health information. HIPAA mandates that the design and implementation of the electronic systems guarantee the privacy and security of patient information gathered as part of providing health care.

Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12):
The primary objective of HSPD-12 is the development and deployment of a Federal government-wide common and reliable identification verification system that will be interoperable among all government agencies and serve as the basis for reciprocity among those agencies.

Host:
A single computer or workstation; it can be connected to a network.

Host Based:
Information, such as audit data from a single host which may be used to detect intrusions.

IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm):
A private key encryption-decryption algorithm that uses a key that is twice the length of a DES key.

IDIOT:
Intrusion Detection In Our Time. A system that detects intrusions using pattern-matching.

Indicators & Warnings (I & W):
I & W refers to how an event or series of events can provide enough information to classify it as an incident.

Information Assurance (IA):
Information Operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

Information Operations (IO):
Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one�s own information and information systems. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

Information Security:
The result of any system of policies and/or procedures for identifying, controlling, and protecting from unauthorized disclosure, information whose protection is authorized by executive order or statute.

Information Superiority:
The capability to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an adversary�s ability to do the same. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

Information Warfare (IW):
1.) Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary information, information based processes, and information systems, while defending our own information, information based processes, and information systems. Any action to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy the enemy�s information and its functions, protect themselves against those actions; and exploiting their own military information functions. 2.) Information Operations conducted during time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

Integrity:
Assuring information will not be accidentally or maliciously altered or destroyed.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO):
This body governs standards for Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTDs). An MRTD is an international travel document (e.g., a passport or visa) containing eye- and machine-readable data. ICAO Document 9303 is the international standard for MRTDs.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
An agency of the United Nations concerned with 42 international standardization, including stored value and other bank cards. Some of the pertinent standards for contactless payment cards are ISO/IEC 7810, 7811, 7816, 9992, 10202, and 14443.

Internet Worm:
A worm program (see: Worm) that was unleashed on the Internet in 1988. It was written by Robert T. Morris as an experiment that got out of hand.

Intrusion:
Any set of actions that attempt to compromise the integrity, confidentiality or availability of a resource.

Intrusion Detection:
Pertaining to techniques which attempt to detect intrusion into a computer or network by observation of actions, security logs, or audit data. Detection of break-ins or attempts either manually or via software expert systems that operate on logs or other information available on the network.

IP Splicing / Hijacking:
An action whereby an active, established, session is intercepted and co-opted by the unauthorized user. IP splicing attacks may occur after an authentication has been made, permitting the attacker to assume the role of an already authorized user. Primary protections against IP splicing rely on encryption at the session or network layer.

IP

Spoofing:

An attack whereby a system attempts to illicitly impersonate another system by using IP network address. J - No entries.

Key:
A symbol or sequence of symbols (or electrical or mechanical correlates of symbols) applied to text in order to encrypt or decrypt.

Key Escrow:
The system of giving a piece of a key to each of a certain number of trustees such that the key can be recovered with the collaboration of all the trustees.

Keystroke Monitoring:
A specialized form of audit trail software, or a specially designed device, that records every key struck by a user and every character of the response that the AIS returns to the user.

LAN (Local Area Network):
A computer communications system limited to no more than a few miles and using high-speed connections (2 to 100 megabits per second). A short-haul communications system that connects ADP devices in a building or group of buildings within a few square kilometers, including workstations, front-end processors, controllers, switches, and gateways.

Leapfrog Attack:
Use of user id and password information obtained illicitly from one host to compromise another host. The act of TELNETing through one or more hosts in order to preclude a trace (a standard cracker procedure).

Letterbomb:
A piece of email containing live data intended to do malicious things to the recipient�s machine or terminal. Under UNIX, a letter bomb can also try to get part of its contents interpreted as a shell command to the mailer. The results of this could range from silly to denial of service. Logic

Bomb:
Also known as a Fork Bomb - A resident computer program which, when executed, checks for a particular condition or particular state of the system which, when satisfied, triggers the perpetration of an unauthorized act.

Mailbomb:
The mail sent to urge others to send massive amounts of email to a single system or person, with the intent to crash the recipient�s system. Mail bombing is widely regarded as a serious offense.

Malicious Code:
Hardware, software, of firmware that is intentionally included in a system for an unauthorized purpose; e.g. a Trojan horse.

Metric:
A random variable x representing a quantitative measure accumulated over a period.

MIFARE(TM):
A proprietary contactless card, developed by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP), that has been widely deployed in transportation. The technology meets ISO/IEC standards 14443, Type A for contactless smart cards.

Mimicking:
Synonymous with Impersonation, Masquerading or Spoofing.

43 Misuse Detection Model:
The system detects intrusions by looking for activity that corresponds to a known intrusion techniques or system vulnerabilities. Also known as Rules Based detection.

Mockingbird:
A computer program or process which mimics the legitimate behavior of a normal system feature (or other apparently useful function) but performs malicious activities once invoked by the user. Multi-factor

Authentication:
The use of multiple techniques to authenticate an individual�s identity.

This usually involves combining two or more of the following:
something the individual has (e.g., a card or token); something the individual knows (e.g., a password or personal identification number); something the individual is (e.g., a fingerprint or other biometric measurement).

Multi-host-Based Auditing:
Audit data from multiple hosts may be used to detect intrusions.

Nak Attack:
Negative Acknowledgment - A penetration technique which capitalizes on a potential weakness in an operating system that does not handle asynchronous interrupts properly and thus, leaves the system in an unprotected state during such interrupts.

National Computer Security Center (NCSC):
Originally named the DoD Computer Security Center, the NCSC is responsible for encouraging the widespread availability of trusted computer systems throughout the Federal Government. (AF9K_JBC.TXT) (NCSC) With the signing of NSDD-145; the NCSC is responsible for encouraging the widespread availability of trusted computer systems throughout the Federal Government. (NCSC-WA-001-85).

National Information Infrastructure (NII):
The nation-wide interconnection of communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics that make vast amounts of information available to users. The NII encompasses a wide range of equipment, including cameras, scanners, keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, switches, compact disks, video and audio tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic transmission lines, networks of all types, monitors, printers and much more. The friendly and adversary personnel who make decisions and handle the transmitted information constitute a critical component of the NII. (Pending approval in JP 1-02).

NCSC:
See National Computer Security Center.

Network:
Two or more machines interconnected for communications.

Was it clear so far?

Network Based:
Network traffic data along with audit data from the hosts used to detect intrusions. Network Level

Firewall:
A firewall in which traffic is examined at the network protocol (IP) packet level.

Network Security:
Protection of networks and their services from unauthorized modification, destruction, or disclosure, and provision of assurance that the network performs its critical functions correctly and there are no harmful side-effects. Network security includes providing for data integrity.

Network Security Officer:
Individual formally appointed by a designated approving authority to ensure that the provisions of all applicable directives are implemented throughout the life cycle of an automated information system network.

Network Weaving:
Another name for �Leapfrogging�.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST):
NIST, an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, was founded in 1901 as the nation�s first federal physical science research laboratory.

Non-Discretionary Security:
The aspect of DOD security policy which restricts access on the basis of security levels. A security level is composed of a read level and a category set restriction. For read-access to an item of information, a user must have a clearance level greater then or equal to the classification of the information and also have a category clearance which includes all of the access categories specified for the information.

Non-Repudiation:
Method by which the sender of data is provided with proof of delivery and the recipient is assured of the sender�s identity, so that neither can later deny having processed the data.

Open Security:
Environment that does not provide environment sufficient assurance that applications and equipment are protected against the introduction of malicious logic prior to or during the operation of a system.

Open Systems Security:
Provision of tools for the secure internetworking of open systems.

Operational Data Security:
The protection of data from either accidental or unauthorized, intentional modification, destruction, or disclosure during input, processing, or output operations.

Operations Security:
1.) The process of denying adversaries information about friendly capabilities and intentions by identifying, controlling, and protecting indicators associated with planning and conducting military operations and other activities. 2.) An analytical process by with the U.S. Government and its supporting contractors can deny to potential adversaries information about capabilities and intentions by identifying, controlling, and protecting evidence of the planning and execution of sensitive activities and operations.

Operations Security (OPSEC):
A process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities to: A. Identify those actions that can be observed by adversary intelligence systems. B. Determine indicators hostile intelligence systems might obtain that could be interpreted or pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful to adversaries. C. Select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of friendly actions to adversary exploitation. (JP 1-02).

Orange Book:
See Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria.

OSI:
Open Systems Interconnection. A set of internationally accepted and openly developed standards that meet the needs of network resource administration and integrated network utility.

Packet:
A block of data sent over the network transmitting the identities of the sending and receiving stations, error-control information, and message.

Packet Filter:
Inspects each packet for user defined content, such as an IP address but does not track the state of sessions. This is one of the least secure types of firewall.

Packet Filtering:
A feature incorporated into routers and bridges to limit the flow of information based on predetermined communications such as source, destination, or type of service being provided by the network. Packet filters let the administrator limit protocol specific traffic to one network segment, isolate email domains, and perform many other traffic control functions.

Packet

Sniffer:

A device or program that monitors the data traveling between computers on a network.

Passive Attack:
Attack which does not result in an unauthorized state change, such as an attack that only monitors and/or records data.

Passive

Threat:

The threat of unauthorized disclosure of information without changing the state of the system. A type of threat that involves the interception, not the alteration, of information.

PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail):
An IETF standard for secure electronic mail exchange.

Penetration:
The successful unauthorized access to an automated system.

Penetration Signature:
The description of a situation or set of conditions in which a penetration could occur or of system events which in conjunction can indicate the occurrence of a penetration in progress.

Penetration Testing:
The portion of security testing in which the evaluators attempt to circumvent the security features of a system. The evaluators may be assumed to use all system design and implementation documentation that may include listings of system source code, manuals, and circuit diagrams. The evaluators work under the same constraints applied to ordinary users.

Perimeter Based Security:
The technique of securing a network by controlling access to all entry and exit points of the network. Usually associated with firewalls and/or filters.

Perpetrator:
The entity from the external environment that is taken to be the cause of a risk. An entity in the external environment that performs an attack, i.e. hacker.

45 Personal Computer/Smart Card (PC/SC):
The PC/SC specification defines how to integrate smart card readers and smart cards with the computing environment and how to allow multiple applications to share smart card devices.

Personal Identification Number (PIN):
A numeric code that is associated with an ID card and that adds a second factor of authentication to the identity verification process.

Personal Identity Verification (PIV):
The dual-interface smart card that is being issued to all U.S. Executive Branch Federal employees and contractors and that will be used for both physical and logical access.

Personnel

Security:

The procedures established to ensure that all personnel who have access to any classified information have the required authorizations as well as the appropriate clearances.

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy):
A freeware program primarily for secure electronic mail.

Phage:
A program that modifies other programs or databases in unauthorized ways; especially one that propagates a virus or Trojan horse.

PHF:
Phone book file demonstration program that hackers use to gain access to a computer system and potentially read and capture password files.

PHF Hack:
A well-known and vulnerable CGI script which does not filter out special characters (such as a new line) input by a user.

Phishing:
A cyber attack that directs people to a fraudulent website to collect personal information for identity theft.

Phracker:
An individual who combines phone phreaking with computer hacking.

Phreak(er):
An individual fascinated by the telephone system. Commonly, an individual who uses his knowledge of the telephone system to make calls at the expense of another.

Phreaking:
The art and science of cracking the phone network.

Physical

Security:

The measures used to provide physical protection of resources against deliberate and accidental threats.

Piggy Back:
The gaining of unauthorized access to a system via another user�s legitimate connection.

Ping of Death:
The use of Ping with a packet size higher than 65,507. This will cause a denial of service.

Plaintext:
Unencrypted data. Private Key

Cryptography:
An encryption methodology in which the encryptor and decryptor use the same key, which must be kept secret. This methodology is usually only used by a small group.

Probe:
Any effort to gather information about a machine or its users for the apparent purpose of gaining unauthorized access to the system at a later date.

Procedural

Security:

See Administrative Security.

Profile:
Patterns of a user�s activity which can detect changes in normal routines.

Promiscuous Mode:
Normally an Ethernet interface reads all address information and accepts follow-on packets only destined for itself, but when the interface is in promiscuous mode, it reads all information (sniffer), regardless of its destination.

Protocol:
Agreed-upon methods of communications used by computers. A specification that describes the rules and procedures that products should follow to perform activities on a network, such as transmitting data. If they use the same protocols, products from different vendors should be able to communicate on the same network.

46 Prowler:
A daemon that is run periodically to seek out and erase core files, truncate administrative logfiles, nuke lost+found directories, and otherwise clean up.

Proximity cards:
A generic name for contactless integrated circuit devices typically used for security access or payment systems. It can refer to 125 kHz RFID devices or 13.56 MHz contactless smart cards. (See ISO/IEC 14443.

Proxy:
A firewall mechanism that replaces the IP address of a host on the internal (protected) network with its own IP address for all traffic passing through it. A software agent that acts on behalf of a user, typical proxies accept a connection from a user, make a decision as to whether or not the user or client IP address is permitted to use the proxy, perhaps does additional authentication, and then completes a connection on behalf of the user to a remote destination.

Psychological Operations (PSYOP):
Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator�s objectives. (JP 1-02). Public Key

Cryptography:
Type of cryptography in which the encryption process is publicly available and unprotected, but in which a part of the decryption key is protected so that only a party with knowledge of both parts of the decryption process can decrypt the cipher text. Q - No entries.

Red Book:
See Trusted Network Interpretation.

Reference Monitor:
A security control concept in which an abstract machine mediates accesses to objects by subjects. In principle, a reference monitor should be complete (in that it mediates every access), isolated from modification by system entities, and verifiable. A security kernel is an implementation of a reference monitor for a given hardware base.

Replicator:
Any program that acts to produce copies of itself examples include; a program, a worm, a fork bomb or virus. It is even claimed by some that UNIX and C are the symbiotic halves of an extremely successful replicator.

Retro-Virus:
A retro-virus is a virus that waits until all possible backup media are infected too, so that it is not possible to restore the system to an uninfected state.

Rexd:
This Unix command is the Sun RPC server for remote program execution. This daemon is started by inetd whenever a remote execution request is made.

RFID Tag (labels):
Simple, low-cost and disposable electronic devices that are used to identify animals, track goods logistically and replace printed bar codes at retailers. RFID tags include an integrated circuit that typically stores a static number (an ID) and an antenna that enables the chip to transmit the stored number to a reader. When the tag comes within range of the appropriate RF reader, the tag is powered by the reader�s RF field and transmits its ID to the reader. There is little to no security on the RFID tag or during communication with the reader. Typical RFID tags can be easily read from distances of several inches (centimeters) to several yards (meters) to allow easy tracking of goods. Risk

Assessment:
A study of vulnerabilities, threats, likelihood, loss or impact, and theoretical effectiveness of security measures. The process of evaluating threats and vulnerabilities, known and postulated, to determine expected loss and establish the degree of acceptability to system operations.

Risk Management:
The total process to identify, control, and minimize the impact of uncertain events. The objective of the risk management program is to reduce risk and obtain and maintain DAA (Designated Approving Authority) approval.

Rootkit:
A hacker security tool that captures passwords and message traffic to and from a computer. A collection of tools that allows a hacker to provide a backdoor into a system, collect information on other systems on the network, mask the fact that the system is compromised, and much more. Rootkit is a classic example of Trojan Horse software. Rootkit is available for a wide range of operating systems.

47 Router:
An interconnection device that is similar to a bridge but serves packets or frames containing certain protocols. Routers link LANs at the network layer.

Routing Control:
The application of rules during the process of routing so as to chose or avoid specific networks, links or relays.

RSA Algorithm:
RSA stands for Rivest-Shamir-Aldeman. A public-key cryptographic algorithm that hinges on the assumption that the factoring of the product of two large primes is difficult.

Rules Based Detection:
The intrusion detection system detects intrusions by looking for activity that corresponds to known intrusion techniques (signatures) or system vulnerabilities. Also known as Misuse Detection.

Samurai:
A hacker who hires out for legal cracking jobs, snooping for factions in corporate political fights, lawyers pursuing privacy-rights and First Amendment cases, and other parties with legitimate reasons to need an electronic locksmith.

SATAN:
Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks - A tool for remotely probing and identifying the vulnerabilities of systems on IP networks. A powerful freeware program which helps to identify system security weaknesses.

Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA):
One of the most popular hashing algorithms, designed for use with the Digital Signature Standard by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Security Agency (NSA). SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash.

Secure Network Server:
A device that acts as a gateway between a protected enclave and the outside world.

Secure Shell:
A completely encrypted shell connection between two machines protected by a super long passphrase.

Security:
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences.

Security Architecture:
A detailed description of all aspects of the system that relate to security, along with a set of principles to guide the design. A security architecture describes how the system is put together to satisfy the security requirements. Security

Audit:
A search through a computer system for security problems and vulnerabilities. Security

Countermeasures:
Countermeasures that are aimed at specific threats and vulnerabilities or involve more active techniques as well as activities traditionally perceived as security.

Security Domains:
The sets of objects that a subject has the ability to access.

Security Features:
The security-relevant functions, mechanisms, and characteristics of AIS hardware and software.

Security Incident:
Any act or circumstance that involves classified information that deviates from the requirements of governing security publications. For example, compromise, possible compromise, inadvertent disclosure, and deviation.

Security Kernel:
The hardware, firmware, and software elements of a Trusted Computing Base that implement the reference monitor concept. It must mediate all accesses, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct.

Security Label:
Piece of information that represents the sensitivity of a subject or object, such as its hierarchical classification (CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET, TOP SECRET) together with any applicable non-hierarchical security categories (e.g., sensitive compartmented information, critical nuclear weapon design information).

Security Level:
The combination of a hierarchical classification and a set of non-hierarchical categories that represents the sensitivity of information.

Security Officer:
The ADP official having the designated responsibility for the security of and ADP system.

Security Perimeter:
The boundary where security controls are in effect to protect assets.

Security Policies:
The set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an organization manages, protects, and distributes sensitive information.

Security Policy Model:
A formal presentation of the security policy enforced by the system. It must identify the set of rules and practices that regulate how a system manages, protects, and distributes sensitive information.

Security Requirements:
Types and levels of protection necessary for equipment, data, information, applications, and facilities.

Security Service:
A service, provided by a layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers.

Security Violation:
An instance in which a user or other person circumvents or defeats the controls of a system to obtain unauthorized access to information contained therein or to system resources.

Server:
A system that provides network service such as disk storage and file transfer, or a program that provides such a service. A kind of daemon which performs a service for the requester, which often runs on a computer other than the one which the server runs.

Signaling System 7 (SS-7):
A protocol used by phone companies.

Has three basic functions:
Supervising, Alerting and Addressing. Supervising monitors the status of a line or circuit to see if it is busy, idle, or requesting service. Alerting indicates the arrival of an incoming call. Addressing is the transmission of routing and destination signals over the network in the form of dial tone or data pulses.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP):
Software used to control network communications devices using TCP/IP.

Skipjack:
An NSA-developed encryption algorithm for the Clipper chip. The details of the algorithm are unpublished.

Smart card:
A device that includes an embedded secure integrated circuit that can be either a secure microcontroller or equivalent intelligence with internal memory or a secure memory chip alone. The card connects to a reader with direct physical contact or with a remote contactless radio frequency interface. With an embedded microcontroller, smart cards have the unique ability to securely store large amounts of data, carry out their own on-card functions (e.g., encryption and mutual authentication) and interact intelligently with a smart card reader. Smart card technology conforms to international standards (ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC 14443) and is available in a variety of form factors, including plastic cards, subscriber identification modules (SIMs) used in GSM mobile phones, and USB-based tokens.

Smurfing:
A denial of service attack in which an attacker spoofs the source address of an echo-request ICMP (ping) packet to the broadcast address for a network, causing the machines in the network to respond en masse to the victim thereby clogging its network.

Snarf:
To grab a large document or file for the purpose of using it with or without the author�s permission.

Sneaker:
An individual hired to break into places in order to test their security; analogous to tiger team.

Sniffer:
A program to capture data across a computer network. Used by hackers to capture user id names and passwords. Software tool that audits and identifies network traffic packets. Is also used legitimately by network operations and maintenance personnel to troubleshoot network problems.

Spam:
To crash a program by overrunning a fixed-site buffer with excessively large input data. Also, to cause a person or newsgroup to be flooded with irrelevant or inappropriate messages.

Special Information Operations (SIO):
Information Operations that by their sensitive nature, due to their potential 49 effect or impact, security requirements, or risk to the national security of the United States, require a special review and approval process. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96).

SPI:
Secure Profile Inspector - A network monitoring tool for Unix, developed by the Department of Energy.

Spoofing:
Pretending to be someone else. The deliberate inducement of a user or a resource to take an incorrect action. Attempt to gain access to an AIS by pretending to be an authorized user. Impersonating, masquerading, and mimicking are forms of spoofing.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer):
A session layer protocol that provides authentication and confidentiality to applications.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):
A SIM is the smart card that is included in GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phones. SIMs are configured with information essential to authenticating a GSM mobile phone, thus allowing a phone to receive service whenever the phone is within coverage of a suitable network.

Subversion:
Occurs when an intruder modifies the operation of the intrusion detector to force false negatives to occur. Symmetric

Cryptography:
Cryptography using the same secret key for both the originator�s and the recipient�s operation. (Without the secret key, it is computationally infeasible to compute either operation.

Symmetric Keys:
Keys that are used for symmetric (secret) key cryptography. In a symmetric cryptographic system, the same secret key is used to perform both the cryptographic operation and its inverse (for example to encrypt and decrypt, or to create a message authentication code and to verify the code).

SYN Flood:
When the SYN queue is flooded, no new connection can be opened.

TCP/IP:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol. The suite of protocols the Internet is based on.

tcpwrapper:
A software tool for security which provides additional network logging, and restricts service access to authorized hosts by service.

Term Rule-Based Security Policy:
A security policy based on global rules imposed for all users. These rules usually rely on a comparison of the sensitivity of the resources being accessed and the possession of corresponding attributes of users, a group of users, or entities acting on behalf of users.

Terminal Hijacking:
Allows an attacker, on a certain machine, to control any terminal session that is in progress. An attack hacker can send and receive terminal I/O while a user is on the terminal.

Threat:
The means through which the ability or intent of a threat agent to adversely affect an automated system, facility, or operation can be manifest. A potential violation of security.

Threat Agent:
Methods and things used to exploit a vulnerability in an information system, operation, or facility; fire, natural disaster and so forth. Threat

Assessment:
Process of formally evaluating the degree of threat to an information system and describing the nature of the threat.

Tiger:
A software tool which scans for system weaknesses.

Tiger Team:
Government and industry - sponsored teams of computer experts who attempt to break down the defenses of computer systems in an effort to uncover, and eventually patch, security holes.

Tinkerbell Program:
A monitoring program used to scan incoming network connections and generate alerts when calls are received from particular sites, or when logins are attempted using certain ID�s.

Token:
A physical device that carries an individual�s credentials. The device is typically small (for easy transport) and usually employs a variety of physical and/or logical mechanisms to protect against modifying legitimate credentials or producing fraudulent credentials. Examples of tokens include picture ID cards (e.g., state driver�s 50 licenses), smart cards, and USB devices.

Topology:
The map or plan of the network. The physical topology describes how the wires or cables are laid out, and the logical or electrical topology describes how the information flows. Trace

Packet:
In a packet-switching network, a unique packet that causes a report of each stage of its progress to be sent to the network control center from each visited system element.

Traceroute:
An operation of sending trace packets for determining information; traces the route of UDP packets for the local host to a remote host. Normally traceroute displays the time and location of the route taken to reach its destination computer.

Tranquillity:
A security model rule stating that the security level of an active object cannot change during the period of activity. Triple

DES:
A block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times.

Tripwire:
A software tool for security. Basically, it works with a database that maintains information about the byte count of files. If the byte count has changed, it will identify it to the system security manager.

Trojan Horse:
An apparently useful and innocent program containing additional hidden code which allows the unauthorized collection, exploitation, falsification, or destruction of data.

Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC):
A system that employs sufficient hardware and software assurance measures to allow its use for simultaneous processing of a range of sensitive or classified information.

Trusted Computing Base (TCB):
The totality of protection mechanisms within a computer system including hardware, firmware, and software - the combination of which are responsible for enforcing a security policy. A TCB consists of one or more components that together enforce a unified security policy over a product or system.

Trusted Network Interpretation:
The specific security features, the assurance requirements and the rating structure of the Orange Book as extended to networks of computers ranging from isolated LANs to WANs.

TTY Watcher:
A hacker tool that allows hackers with even a small amount of skill to hijack terminals. It has a GUI interface.

TWIC (Transportation Worker Identification Credential):
A common smart card-based identification credential for all personnel requiring unescorted access to secure areas of Maritime Transportation Security Act-regulated facilities and vessels, and all mariners holding Coast Guard-issued credentials.

USB (Universal Serial Bus):
A serial bus standard to interface devices.

Vaccines:
Program that injects itself into an executable program to perform a signature check and warns if there have been any changes.

Virus:
A program that can �infect� other programs by modifying them to include a, possibly evolved, copy of itself.

Vulnerability:
Hardware, firmware, or software flow that leaves an AIS open for potential exploitation. A weakness in automated system security procedures, administrative controls, physical layout, internal controls, and so forth that could be exploited by a threat to gain unauthorized access to information or disrupt critical processing.

Vulnerability Analysis:
Systematic examination of an AIS or product to determine the adequacy of security measures, identify security deficiencies, provide data from which to predict the effectiveness of proposed security measures, and confirm the adequacy of such measures after implementation.

WAIS:
Wide Area Information Service - An Internet service that allows you to search a large number of specially indexed databases.

WAN:
Wide Area Network. A physical or logical network that provides capabilities for a number of independent 51 devices to communicate with each other over a common transmission-interconnected topology in geographic areas larger than those served by local area networks.

War Dialer:
A program that dials a given list or range of numbers and records those which answer with handshake tones, which might be entry points to computer or telecommunications systems.

Worm:
Independent program that replicates from machine to machine across network connections often clogging networks and information systems as it spreads.